Kognitariat: Eksploitasi Kelas Pekerja Kognitif dalam Era Ekonomi Pengetahuan
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Oct 14, 2024
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Abstract
Abstract: The development of technology in post-industrial society creates a knowledge economic system, with production that is not only based on things but also intensive knowledge. The workers who rely on knowledge and skills for the centre of their activities in the knowledge economy are called cognitive workers. The cognitive workers in the knowledge economy era just paid little attention to their rights and obligations. That’s why they get unfair and fewer benefits during work and often get exploited and disadvantaged when they work. The cognitive workers who have the exploitation are called cognitariat. Therefore, this research is new, empirically and theoretically. It is about the exploitation experienced by cognitive workers. Researchers used literature studies obtained through the University of Indonesia library software (remote-lib.ui.ac.id), and search engines such as Google Scholar, Science Direct (Elsevier), JSTOR, Web of Science, and other journal directories by open access with the keyword, “cognitive worker”, “knowledge-based economy”, “exploitation in cognitive labour”, “labour in knowledge era” and “cognitariat”. The results of the research reveal that exploitation of cognitive workers because of the responsibility of work and overstepping working. Thus, the exploitations is not only based on a material, like the proletariat., but also at a supra structural basis, that’s knowledge on the cognitariat.
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Hudha, C., & Salim, P. (2024). Kognitariat: Eksploitasi Kelas Pekerja Kognitif dalam Era Ekonomi Pengetahuan. Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas, 10(2), 110-123. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsa.10.2.1-14.2024
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References
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Berardi, F. (2013). What does Cognitariat Mean? Work, Desire and Depression. Cultural Studies Review, 11(2), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.5130/csr.v11i2.3656.
Bolisani, E., & Bratianu, C. (2017). Knowledge strategy planning: An integrated approach to manage uncertainty, turbulence, and dynamics. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(2), 233–253. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-02-2016-0071.
Broström, A., Buenstorf, G., & McKelvey, M. (2021). The knowledge economy, innovation and the new challenges to universities: Introduction to the special issue. Innovation, 23(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2020.1825090.
Cohn, E., & Addison, J. T. (1998). The Economic Returns to Lifelong Learning in OECD Countries. Education Economics, 6(3), 253–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645299800000021.
Curtin, & Sanson, S. (2016). Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor (University of California, Santa Barbara, M. Curtin, & K. Sanson, Eds.). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.10.
Dalkir, K. (2011). Knowledge management in theory and practice (2nd ed). MIT Press.
Diessner, S., Durazzi, N., & Hope, D. (2022). Skill-Biased Liberalization: Germany’s Transition to the Knowledge Economy. Politics & Society, 50(1), 117–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323292211006563.
Drucker, P. (2012). Post-Capitalist Society (ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080938257.
Durazzi, N. (2019). The political economy of high skills: Higher education in knowledge-based labour markets. Journal of European Public Policy, 26(12), 1799–1817. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1551415.
JSA (Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas): Volume 10, No. 2 (Oktober) 2024
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Durazzi, N., & Geyer, L. (2019). Social inclusion in the knowledge economy: Unions’ strategies and institutional change in the Austrian and German training systems. Socio-Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwz010.
Edvinsson, L. (2002). Corporate longitude: Navigating the knowledge economy. BookHouse Pub.
Farraz, M. A., & Fathiah, A. (2021). Alat Analisis Strategi Bertahan Hidup Sektor Informal Perkotaan Selama Pandemi Covid-19: Review Literatur. Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsa.7.1.1-10.2021.
Gandini, A. (2016). Digital work: Self-branding and social capital in the freelance knowledge economy. Marketing Theory, 16(1), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593115607942.
Hadad, S. (2017). Knowledge Economy: Characteristics and Dimensions. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 5(2), 203–225. https://doi.org/10.25019/MDKE/5.2.03.
Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2009). Empire. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjnrw54.
Hidayat, T. (2022). Eksklusi Sosial di Bidang Pendidikan Pada Anak-Anak Pengungsi di Indonesia. Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas, 8(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsa.8.1.87-98.2022.
Hope, D., & Martelli, A. (2019). The Transition to the Knowledge Economy, Labor Market Institutions, and Income Inequality in Advanced Democracies. World Politics, 71(2), 236–288. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887118000333.
Hudson, R. (2011). From Knowledge-based Economy to … Knowledge-based Economy? Reflections on Changes in the Economy and Development Policies in the North East of England. Regional Studies, 45(7), 997–1012. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400802662633.
Ibsen, C. L., & Thelen, K. (2017). Diverging Solidarity: Labor Strategies in the New Knowledge Economy. World Politics, 69(3), 409–447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887117000077.
Iversen, T., & Soskice, D. (2015). Democratic Limits to Redistribution: Inclusionary versus Exclusionary Coalitions in the Knowledge Economy. World Politics, 67(2), 185–225. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887115000039.
Kalekin-Fishman, D., & Langman, L. (2015). Alienation: The critique that refuses to disappear. Current Sociology, 63(6), 916–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392115591612.
Kennedy, P. (2010). The Knowledge Economy and Labour Power in Late Capitalism. Critical Sociology, 36(6), 821–837. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920510376998
Lévy, P. (2001). Cyberculture. University of Minnesota Press.
Løwendahl, B. R., Revang, Ø., & Fosstenløkken, S. M. (2001). Knowledge and Value Creation in Professional Service Firms: A Framework for Analysis. Human Relations, 54(7), 911–931. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726701547006.
Machlup, F. (1972). The production and distribution of knowledge in the United States. Princeton Univ. Pr.
McDowell, L., & Dyson, J. (2011). The other Side of the Knowledge Economy: ‘Reproductive’ Employment and Affective Labours in Oxford. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 43(9), 2186–2201. https://doi.org/10.1068/a43591.
JSA (Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas): Volume 10, No. 2 (Oktober) 2024
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McQuade, B. (2015). Cognitive Capitalism and Contemporary Politics: A World Historical Perspective. Science & Society, 79(3), 363–387. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2015.79.3.363.
Miller, T. (2018). Cybertarian Flexibility. In Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor. University of California Press.
Miller, T., & Ahluwalia, P. (2012). The cognitariat. Social Identities, 18(3), 259–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2012.669532.
Nissen, M. E. (2006). Harnessing Knowledge Dynamics: Principled Organizational Knowing & Learning. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-773-7.
Novianto, A., & Keban, yeremias. (2021). Mendorong Kerja Layak & Adil bagi Pekerja Gig: Kajian Awal tentang Ekonomi Gig di Indonesia. Menyoal Kerja Layak dan Adil dalam Ekonomi Gig di Indonesia. IGPA Press.
Olssen, M., & Peters, M. A. (2005). Neoliberalism, higher education and the knowledge economy: From the free market to knowledge capitalism. Journal of Education Policy, 20(3), 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930500108718.
Piñón, J. (2019). 10. Complex Labor Relations in Latin American Television Industries. In M. Curtin & K. Sanson (Eds.), Precarious Creativity (pp. 132–145). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520964808-012.
Powell, W. W., & Snellman, K. (2004). The Knowledge Economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 30(1), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100037.
Rousseau, D. M., Manning, J., & Denyer, D. (2008). 11 Evidence in Management and Organizational Science: Assembling the Field’s Full Weight of Scientific Knowledge Through Syntheses. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 475–515. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520802211651.
Shantz, A., Alfes, K., & Truss, C. (2014). Alienation from work: Marxist ideologies and twenty-first-century practice. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(18), 2529–2550. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.667431.
Tavoletti, E. (2010). Matching Higher Education with the Labour Market in the Knowledge Economy: The Much-Needed Reform of University Governance in Italy. Industry and Higher Education, 24(5), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2010.0007.
Thompson, J. P., & Curella, C. (2021). Democratizing the Knowledge Economy: Will Labor Accept the Challenge? New Labor Forum, 30(3), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/10957960211037252.
Tome, E. (2020). Actors in the Knowledge Economy: A Typology. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 8(4), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.2478/mdke-2020-0029.
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence‐Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
Banks, M., & Hesmondhalgh, D. (2019). Internationalizing Labor Activism: Building Solidarity among Writers’ Guilds. In M. Curtin & K. Sanson (Eds.), Precarious Creativity (pp. 267–280). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780520964808-022.
Becerra-Fernandez, I., & Sabherwal, R. (2010). Knowledge management: Systems and processes. M.E. Sharpe.
Berardi, F. (2013). What does Cognitariat Mean? Work, Desire and Depression. Cultural Studies Review, 11(2), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.5130/csr.v11i2.3656.
Bolisani, E., & Bratianu, C. (2017). Knowledge strategy planning: An integrated approach to manage uncertainty, turbulence, and dynamics. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(2), 233–253. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-02-2016-0071.
Broström, A., Buenstorf, G., & McKelvey, M. (2021). The knowledge economy, innovation and the new challenges to universities: Introduction to the special issue. Innovation, 23(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2020.1825090.
Cohn, E., & Addison, J. T. (1998). The Economic Returns to Lifelong Learning in OECD Countries. Education Economics, 6(3), 253–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645299800000021.
Curtin, & Sanson, S. (2016). Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor (University of California, Santa Barbara, M. Curtin, & K. Sanson, Eds.). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.10.
Dalkir, K. (2011). Knowledge management in theory and practice (2nd ed). MIT Press.
Diessner, S., Durazzi, N., & Hope, D. (2022). Skill-Biased Liberalization: Germany’s Transition to the Knowledge Economy. Politics & Society, 50(1), 117–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323292211006563.
Drucker, P. (2012). Post-Capitalist Society (ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080938257.
Durazzi, N. (2019). The political economy of high skills: Higher education in knowledge-based labour markets. Journal of European Public Policy, 26(12), 1799–1817. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1551415.
JSA (Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas): Volume 10, No. 2 (Oktober) 2024
13
Durazzi, N., & Geyer, L. (2019). Social inclusion in the knowledge economy: Unions’ strategies and institutional change in the Austrian and German training systems. Socio-Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwz010.
Edvinsson, L. (2002). Corporate longitude: Navigating the knowledge economy. BookHouse Pub.
Farraz, M. A., & Fathiah, A. (2021). Alat Analisis Strategi Bertahan Hidup Sektor Informal Perkotaan Selama Pandemi Covid-19: Review Literatur. Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsa.7.1.1-10.2021.
Gandini, A. (2016). Digital work: Self-branding and social capital in the freelance knowledge economy. Marketing Theory, 16(1), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593115607942.
Hadad, S. (2017). Knowledge Economy: Characteristics and Dimensions. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 5(2), 203–225. https://doi.org/10.25019/MDKE/5.2.03.
Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2009). Empire. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjnrw54.
Hidayat, T. (2022). Eksklusi Sosial di Bidang Pendidikan Pada Anak-Anak Pengungsi di Indonesia. Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas, 8(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsa.8.1.87-98.2022.
Hope, D., & Martelli, A. (2019). The Transition to the Knowledge Economy, Labor Market Institutions, and Income Inequality in Advanced Democracies. World Politics, 71(2), 236–288. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887118000333.
Hudson, R. (2011). From Knowledge-based Economy to … Knowledge-based Economy? Reflections on Changes in the Economy and Development Policies in the North East of England. Regional Studies, 45(7), 997–1012. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400802662633.
Ibsen, C. L., & Thelen, K. (2017). Diverging Solidarity: Labor Strategies in the New Knowledge Economy. World Politics, 69(3), 409–447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887117000077.
Iversen, T., & Soskice, D. (2015). Democratic Limits to Redistribution: Inclusionary versus Exclusionary Coalitions in the Knowledge Economy. World Politics, 67(2), 185–225. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887115000039.
Kalekin-Fishman, D., & Langman, L. (2015). Alienation: The critique that refuses to disappear. Current Sociology, 63(6), 916–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392115591612.
Kennedy, P. (2010). The Knowledge Economy and Labour Power in Late Capitalism. Critical Sociology, 36(6), 821–837. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920510376998
Lévy, P. (2001). Cyberculture. University of Minnesota Press.
Løwendahl, B. R., Revang, Ø., & Fosstenløkken, S. M. (2001). Knowledge and Value Creation in Professional Service Firms: A Framework for Analysis. Human Relations, 54(7), 911–931. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726701547006.
Machlup, F. (1972). The production and distribution of knowledge in the United States. Princeton Univ. Pr.
McDowell, L., & Dyson, J. (2011). The other Side of the Knowledge Economy: ‘Reproductive’ Employment and Affective Labours in Oxford. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 43(9), 2186–2201. https://doi.org/10.1068/a43591.
JSA (Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas): Volume 10, No. 2 (Oktober) 2024
14
McQuade, B. (2015). Cognitive Capitalism and Contemporary Politics: A World Historical Perspective. Science & Society, 79(3), 363–387. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2015.79.3.363.
Miller, T. (2018). Cybertarian Flexibility. In Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor. University of California Press.
Miller, T., & Ahluwalia, P. (2012). The cognitariat. Social Identities, 18(3), 259–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2012.669532.
Nissen, M. E. (2006). Harnessing Knowledge Dynamics: Principled Organizational Knowing & Learning. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-773-7.
Novianto, A., & Keban, yeremias. (2021). Mendorong Kerja Layak & Adil bagi Pekerja Gig: Kajian Awal tentang Ekonomi Gig di Indonesia. Menyoal Kerja Layak dan Adil dalam Ekonomi Gig di Indonesia. IGPA Press.
Olssen, M., & Peters, M. A. (2005). Neoliberalism, higher education and the knowledge economy: From the free market to knowledge capitalism. Journal of Education Policy, 20(3), 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930500108718.
Piñón, J. (2019). 10. Complex Labor Relations in Latin American Television Industries. In M. Curtin & K. Sanson (Eds.), Precarious Creativity (pp. 132–145). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520964808-012.
Powell, W. W., & Snellman, K. (2004). The Knowledge Economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 30(1), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100037.
Rousseau, D. M., Manning, J., & Denyer, D. (2008). 11 Evidence in Management and Organizational Science: Assembling the Field’s Full Weight of Scientific Knowledge Through Syntheses. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 475–515. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520802211651.
Shantz, A., Alfes, K., & Truss, C. (2014). Alienation from work: Marxist ideologies and twenty-first-century practice. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(18), 2529–2550. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.667431.
Tavoletti, E. (2010). Matching Higher Education with the Labour Market in the Knowledge Economy: The Much-Needed Reform of University Governance in Italy. Industry and Higher Education, 24(5), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2010.0007.
Thompson, J. P., & Curella, C. (2021). Democratizing the Knowledge Economy: Will Labor Accept the Challenge? New Labor Forum, 30(3), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/10957960211037252.
Tome, E. (2020). Actors in the Knowledge Economy: A Typology. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 8(4), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.2478/mdke-2020-0029.
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence‐Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375